Finding a tiny bug crawling through someone’s hair can trigger an immediate “What is that?” reaction. While head lice may be one possibility, not every insect found in hair is a louse. Ants, spiders, fleas, plant material, and other small insects can accidentally become trapped in hair, especially after spending time outdoors.

Head lice are small, wingless insects with six legs that live close to the scalp and feed on blood. Because other insects can look similar at first glance, simply seeing something moving through the hair is not enough to identify it. Pay attention to the insect’s size, shape, color, movement, and location. If it clearly has wings, for example, it is not a head louse.

A single unfamiliar insect also does not automatically mean there is an infestation. A small ant could become tangled in someone’s hair while they are gardening or sitting outside, while other insects may accidentally become trapped between strands. If several similar insects are found or the problem keeps occurring, however, the situation deserves a closer inspection.

Other clues can help. Persistent scalp itching, irritated skin, multiple insects, or small objects firmly attached near the roots of the hair may warrant further investigation. Nits, or lice eggs, are typically attached firmly to individual hairs, while dandruff and ordinary debris usually brush away more easily. When identification is uncertain, a clear close-up photograph or professional examination can help.

Most importantly, don’t treat an unknown insect based on a guess. Avoid using household pesticides, cleaning chemicals, or other harsh substances on the scalp. Instead, take a clear photograph in good lighting, carefully check the scalp and hair, and look for additional evidence. Identify the problem first, then choose the appropriate treatment.